Language technology, often called human language technology, studies methods of how computer programs or electronic devices can analyze, produce, modify or respond to human texts and speech. It consists of natural language processing and computational linguistics on the one hand, and speech technology on the other. (from Wikipedia)

Any operation that is used to support LT tasks, either for creating workflows or for executing them

The task/process of editing a text in order to remove unwanted material (e.g. quotation marks, hyphenations etc.) or to substitute/represent specific items (tokens, dates,  etc.) with normalized values

The task of mapping free-form expressions to the concepts of a specific domain

The task of mapping free-form expressions to medical terms [source: Medical concept normalization in social media posts with recurrent neural networks]

The task/process of substituting measurements with normalized values

The task/process of substituting numbers with normalized values

Any operation that can be used for training or support of Machine Translation tools

Establishment of translational equivalences between structural units (words, sentences etc.) of a text in a given language and a text with similar meaning in other language(s)

Alignment at sentence level

Alignment at phrase level

Alignment at word level

The task/process of identifying parallel sentences (i.e. sentences that have the same sense in different languages) in parallel texts

The construction of statistical or Machine Learning language models

The task/process of creating Machine Learning (ML) models by providing a ML algorithm with training data that help the algorithm discover patterns in data, and construct the appropriate models using these discoveries

The task/process of building models of dialogues to be used in dialogue systems

The task/process of training (statistical) language models that  that can estimate the distribution of natural language as accurately as possible.

The task/process of analysing a resource following a script

The task/process of assessing the quality of a resource, e.g. based on the contents (for a dataset) or performance (for a tool or service)

The task/process of measuring the speed and accuracy of deep parsers with respect to a manually parsed test corpus.

The task/process of assessing the quality performance of machine translation tools

The task/process of assessing the quality performance of parsers

The task/process of converting handwritten or printed material into machine editable text

The task/process of changing the contents of a resource

The task/performance of identifying similar elements in two resources

The task/process of performing a comparison between a text/dataset and a gazeteer and identifying in the text/dataset units that are included in the gazeteer

The task/process of splitting (partitioning) available data into parts, usually for cross-validatory purposes, e.g. in order to use one part for training purposes and the other for evaluation.

The processing of personal data in such a way that the data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information (from GDPR)

The task/process of converting (changing) the format of a resource into another (e.g. PDF to TXT or XML)

The task/process of converting constituency structures to dependency trees

The task/process of converting the format of a lexical/conceptual resource into another (e.g. from TSV to XML)

The task/process of confirming that a system/data resource meets the specifications and fulfills its intended purpose

The identification and removal of abusive, bullying, etc. comments from texts

The task/process of detecting emotions on human face based on biometric markers [adapted from https://sightcorp.com/knowledge-base/facial-expression-recognition/]

Any operation that enables accessing a resource

The task/process of producing the output results of a process/workflow in various formats

Getting access to the contents of an input resource

Any operation that can support tasks that are accomplished through crowdsourcing

Any operation that aims at the analysis of language or its structure

The process/task of identifying all linguistic expressions that appear in a certain text or across texts and refer to the same unique entity in the world

The analysis of the structure of words and their relations to other words as regards their form and derivation

The task/process of recognizing and marking the syntactic structure of a text or text segment

The task/process of dividing a sentence into chunks (non-overlapping text segments consisting of a head and preceding function words and/or modifiers)

The task/process of identifying noun phrases in a sentence

The task/process of recognising and labelling in a text predicate argument structures and the semantic roles of the constituents, in accordance to the frame semantics theory.

The task/process of identifying and marking constituents (phrases, governed by a head and including function words and/or modifiers ) in a text or text segment

The task/process of identifying and marking the grammatical structure of a sentence, establishing relationships between ""head"" words and words that modify those heads

The  task/process of building complete parse trees for a sentence [adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37020577/shallow-parsing-vs-deep-parsing-in-stanford-corenlp-java]

The process/task of identifying all linguistic expressions that appear in a certain text or across texts and refer to the same entity

The analysis of a word in order to identify its derivation, i.e. whether and how it has been formed on the basis of another word (e.g. through the use of affixes)

A method of analysing the structure of texts or utterances longer than one sentence, taking into account both their linguistic content and their sociolinguistic context; analysis performed using this method.[OED, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discourse_analysis]

The task/process of guessing what natural language a text or text segment is written in

The representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart, diagram or any other image that helps end users understand the contents or message

The task/process of visualizing information (e.g. using diagrams, 3-d images, word clouds etc.) contained in lexical/conceptual resources

The ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices [from Wikipedia]

Feature extraction consists in transforming arbitrary data, such as text or images, into numerical features usable for machine learning

The task/process of merging (combining) together data from various sources

The processing of images of documents in order to obtain a machine-readable description of the their contents and structure from the pixel data [adapted from https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/sadh/027/01/0003-0022]

The task/process of creating Finite State Automata (a mathematical model of computation)

The process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.

The use of bots that crawl the web (crawlers) in order to spot content that matches user-set criteria and download them to create large datasets

A task/process whereby a text fragment is reproduced with another text fragment that conveys the same or similar information

The task/process of removing errors from a computer programme

The task/process of viewing the contents of a resource as performed by human beings

The task/process of viewing the contents of a lexicon as performed by human beings

The task/process of viewing the contents of a corpus as performed by human beings

The task of automatically identifying the senses of a word

The process/task of identifying which sense of a word with multiple meanings is used in a particular context; the selection of the sense is made from a list of the word's senses.

The task/process of comparing different versions of the same document

The task/process of managing corpora, e.g. creating, viewing, etc. through an integrated environment

The task/process of managing (manually or (semi-)automatically) annotated texts, distributing them among annotators and monitoring their work

The task/process through which particular text segments or data units that allow the identification of a person are removed or replaced

The process of hiding original data with modified content (characters or other data) in order to protect data classified as personal identifiable data, or sensitive data [adapted from Wikipedia]

The task/process of assessing the quality of a resource, e.g. based on the contents (for a dataset) or performance (for a tool or service)

The task/process of measuring the speed and accuracy of deep parsers with respect to a manually parsed test corpus.

The task/process of assessing the quality performance of machine translation tools

The task/process of assessing the quality performance of parsers

The task/process of expressing the sense of a sequence of words in one language into another language

The process by which spoken utterances in one language are automatically translated and spoken aloud in another language

The automatic extraction of text contained in an image (e.g. by OCR technology), its subsequent translation into another language, followed by a digital image processing step in order to reconstruct the original image with the translated text [adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_translation]

The process of adapting a product or content to a specific locale or market, including translation of relevant language material but also converting to local measures and currency units, modifications necessary to adapt to cultural differences of the target audience, etc. [adapted from https://www.gala-global.org/industry/intro-language-industry/what-localization]

The automatic translation of a text from one language into another performed by software without human involvement

The process of performing Machine Translation facilitated by pre-editing or post-editing steps, or interactive human intervention to steer or select from alternative translations

A form of translation performed by a human translator with the aid of software programmes

Any operation that can be used for training or support of Machine Translation tools

Establishment of translational equivalences between structural units (words, sentences etc.) of a text in a given language and a text with similar meaning in other language(s)

Alignment at sentence level

Alignment at phrase level

Alignment at word level

The task/process of identifying parallel sentences (i.e. sentences that have the same sense in different languages) in parallel texts

The task/process of providing spelling, grammatical or stylistic suggestions as an aid for the authoring task

The task/process of checking the accuracy of spelling of a word (and usually correcting it) according to the accepted form

The task/process of identifying (and usually correcting) grammatical mistakes in a text

The task/process of confirming that a system/data resource meets the specifications and fulfills its intended purpose

The automated processing of unstructured text and/or structured data leading to the extraction of previously hidden knowledge.

The activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources; searches can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing

The ability of a system to retrieve relevant documents in various languages in response to a user query that is formulated in only one language

A type of search which, in contrast to traditional lookup search, covers a broad class of activities, such as investigating, evaluating, comparing, and synthesizing

The process/task of removing (filtering out) redundant or unwanted information from an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods prior to presentation to a human user; the selection of the items is based on the correlation between the content of the items and the user’s preferences (content-based filtering) or the correlation between people with similar preferences (collaborative filtering)

The delivery of information in the form of suggestions by recommender systems; recommender systems seek to predict the ""rating"" or ""preference"" that a user would give to an item

A type of search that seeks to improve search accuracy by understanding the searcher's intent and the contextual meaning of terms as they appear in the searchable dataspace, whether on the Web or within a closed system, to generate more relevant results.

The activity of obtaining multimedia information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of multimedia information resources

In Machine Learning, it refers to the use of algorithms that learn from previous data in order to make predictions on data (by estimating probabilities from previous data)

The process/task of extracting, organising and systematising knowledge usually of a specific domain from external sources so that it can be used in a knowledge-based system

The task/process of inducing word translations from monolingual or comparable corpora in two languages

The task/process of constructing lexical resources based on the restructuring of lexical information contained in lexica (e.g. by parsing definitions or using syntactic information attached to lemmas)

The task/process of improving (e.g. increasing the size of entries, improving the information, adding new types of information, etc.) a lexicon

The task/process of constructing lexical resources from corpora

The task/process of creating an ontology based on other resources (corpora, other lexical resources, etc.)

The task/process of improving an ontology, typically by adding new relations or entities

Advanced image processing in which artificial-intelligence techniques are used to interpret images by locating, characterizing, and recognizing objects and other features in the scene. [from https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/image-understanding]

The task/process of representing information about entities in a form that machines are capable of understanding it

The task/process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns that can be considered knowledge about the data

The task/process of identifying the topic of a text or dataset (e.g. by clustering keywords or using topic models)

The task/process where computer systems try to automatically answer questions posed by users in the form of natural language.

A task/process that intends to recognize for two text fragments whether the meaning of one text is entailed in that of the other, i.e. whether the truth of one text fragment follows from that of the other fragment.

The task/process of assigning documents into classes or categories

The process/task of computationally identifying and categorizing opinions expressed in a piece of text, especially in order to determine whether the writer's attitude towards a particular topic, product, etc. is positive, negative, or neutral

The process/task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured data

The process/task of automatically extracting structured information from multimedia data

The process of detecting whether a certain news item is fake (i.e. a type of news items of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media or online social media) [adapted from wikipedia]

The task/process of identifying and extracting (especially from political speech texts) pieces of text that aim to persuade

The process/task of identifying and representing argumentation in text, so that systems have the ability to use them in tasks, such as automated logical reasoning

The process/task of identifying types of feelings (e.g. anger, fear, happiness, sadness, etc.) in the linguistic expression of texts or facial expressions

The task/process of identifying segments of text or speech discourse that have been uttered by bots

The task of automatically identifying hate speech, i.e. statements intended to demean and brutalize another, or the use of cruel and derogatory language on the basis of real or alleged membership in a social group [adapted from wikipedia]

The comprehension by computers of the structure and meaning of human languages, allowing users to interact with the computer using natural sentences. [adapted from https://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/nlu-natural-language-understanding]

The task of assigning a true/false tag to a news item, headline, claim, etc.

The task/process of identifying temporal expressions (also called timex) in a text in order to extract temporal information

The task/process of detecting in a text mentions of a specific class of entities (e.g. biochemical entities, historical persons)

The task/process of identifying conflicting statements (contradictions) in a dataset

The task/process of identifying negative cues (words, phrases) in a text

The identification of hyperlinkable entities (concepts, named entities) in a text and the assignment of hyperlinks (link targets) for each such entity.

The inferrence of logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms [from wikipedia]

The act of checking factual assertions in non-fictional text in order to determine the veracity and correctness of the factual statements in the text [from Wikipedia]

Extraction of information that pertains to specific domains/disciplines; it can be used combined with ""Annotation type"" to specify the type of information extracted

The task/process of detecting in a text and extracting information relevant to funding (e.g. funding programme, award, funder etc.)

The process/task of identifying events in data (text, video, images etc.), usually combined with their classification into types of events and recognition of the event attributes (e.g. time, place, participants and duration)

The task of determining the degree of closeness between two pieces of text

The act/process of identifying and extracting candidate terms from a domain-specific corpus

The task/process of guessing what natural language a text or text segment is written in

A subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities in text into pre-defined categories such as the names of persons, organizations, locations, expressions of times, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc.

The task/process of selecting among candidate entities from a knowledge base (or other information resource) the ones to which the named entities in a text refer to

The task/process of identifying keywords (words deemed indicative of the topic/subject) in a text/corpus

The process/task of identifying and classifying relation mentions between entities in text and/or data.

The task of identifying the attitude of a person towards the truthfulness of a rumour

The task/process of organizing documents into groups/classes on the basis of their author

The task of recognizing words and phrases that evoke semantic frames as defined in the FrameNet project, and their semantic dependents.

The task of identifying in a text structures and phrases of humour

The extraction of a subject’s reaction to a claim made by a primary actor [http://nlpprogress.com/english/stance_detection.html]

The task/process of identifying in a text a segment inside parentheses that describes an age group or age-related utterance

The representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart, diagram or any other image that helps end users understand the contents or message

The task/process of visualizing information (e.g. using diagrams, 3-d images, word clouds etc.) contained in lexical/conceptual resources

The process/task of converting unstructured text and data into high-quality structured data that can be further analysed to extract knowledge, support decision making etc.

A note by way of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram [OED, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/annotation]. Text or corpus annotation refers to the interpretative linguistic information grounded in a knowledge resource that is added manually or automatically to a text or corpus respectively.

The task/process of partitioning audio stream into homogeneous segments and classifying them into speech and non-speech segments

The task/process of marking locations in speech where there is a change of speakers

Partitioning of audio stream into homogeneous segments according to speaker properties and acoustic conditions

The task/process of annotating paralinguistic features, i.e. vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system (e.g. vocal quality, loudness, and tempo); facial expressions and gestures are also considered as paralinguistic features [adapted from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/paralanguage]

The process/task of adding annotations (notes or comments) to a text; in TDM, the annotations refer mainly to the interpretative linguistic information grounded in a knowledge resource that is added manually or automatically to a text

The task/process of adding annotations pertaining to the morphological level of analysis (e.g. gender, number, person etc.)

The task/process of marking compounds (single words composed of two or more free morphemes) and their parts

Segmentation of a word into syllables

The task/process of annotating multi-word units, i.e. combinations of words that are considered as one

The annotation of words with morphological information besides the part of speech and dependent upon it (e.g. for nouns: gender, number and case; for verbs: tense, number, person etc.)

The task/process of marking compounds (single words composed of two or more free morphemes) and their parts

The task/process of adding annotations relevant to the derivational level of analysis (e.g. recognizing derivational affixes, tagging their meaning etc.)

The task/process of segmenting (cutting) a word into root and affixes

The task/process of adding annotations relevant to discourse, such as discourse structure, discourse markers etc.

The process/task of marking all linguistic expressions that appear in a certain text or across texts as referring to the same entity and linking it to this entity

The task/process of marking argumentative structures, components and relations in a text

The task/process of building discourse models

The task/process of attaching tags to a text unit and linking it to other text units that refer to the same entity in the world

Lemmatisation  (or lemmatization) in linguistics is the process of grouping together the inflected forms of a word so they can be analysed as a single item, identified by the word's lemma, or dictionary form. [Wikipedia]

The process/act of marking events and classifying them into types of events in a text

The task/process of adding to statements in a text annotations that indicate the level of certainty of the author vis-a-vis the statement

The task/process of recognising and labelling in a text predicate argument structures and the semantic roles of the constituents, in accordance to the frame semantics theory.

The task/process of adding to units of a text (especially in sentiment-intensive texts) tags that indicate polarity (negative, positive, neutral, mixed)

The task/process of determining the boundaries of units of text that denote time-related concepts and attaching to them tags that name these concepts (e.g. date, time, duration etc.)

The task/process of marking dates in a text

The task/process of annotating numbers in a text

The task/process of annotating measurement expressions (e.g. of length, temperature, time, etc.)

The task/process of annotating textual entailments, most usually indicating whether a text entails or contradicts a hypothesis sentence or does neither.

The process/task of adding readability scores (or any other type of similar annotation) to a text or textual segment showing how easy it is to read and understand its meaning.

Τhe task of identifying and classifying the spatial arguments of the spatial expressions mentioned in a sentence

The task/process of attaching tags to the segment of a question that functions as the topic of that question

The task/process of classifying words in a text according to a set of semantic classes (types).

The task/process of attaching labels that correspond to the roles that the arguments of a predicate take in an event

The task/process of attaching tags to all the mentions of an entity in a text linking them together with the entity.

The task/process of attaching tags indicating the semantic relation that holds between units of a text.

The task/process of segmenting a text and recognizing textual structural units (paragraphs, sentences, words etc.)

The task/process of recognizing and tagging sentence boundaries in a text

The task/process of annotating the internal structure of a document (e.g. book chapters, sections in a journal article, title, preface, images/figures etc.)

The task/process of segmenting a text into paragraphs and marking their boundaries

The task/process of recognizing and tagging tokens (words, punctuation marks, digits etc.) in a text

The task/process of adding morphosyntactic tags to words in a text, i.e. part-of-speech and, optionally, morphological features per part-of-speech.

The task/process of marking words with the part of speech (word category, e.g. noun, verb etc.) to which they belong

The task/process of cutting off the ends of words (mainly inflectional affixes but sometimes also derivational affixes) aiming to relate words to a base form.

The task/process of recognizing and marking the syntactic structure of a text or text segment

The task/process of dividing a sentence into chunks (non-overlapping text segments consisting of a head and preceding function words and/or modifiers)

The task/process of identifying noun phrases in a sentence

The task/process of identifying and marking constituents (phrases, governed by a head and including function words and/or modifiers ) in a text or text segment

The task/process of identifying and marking the grammatical structure of a sentence, establishing relationships between ""head"" words and words that modify those heads

The  task/process of building complete parse trees for a sentence [adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37020577/shallow-parsing-vs-deep-parsing-in-stanford-corenlp-java]

The task/process of generating natural language text from some non-linguistic representation of information.

The task/process of generating videos in sign language

The task of replacing textual segments (phrases, clauses, etc.) with other segments that have similar meaning but are easier to understand

The task/process of generating content in multiple languages

The task/process of automatically adding subtitles to a video

The act of generating (listing in a prescribed order) the various inflectional forms of a word

The process/task of reducing one or more textual documents with a computer program in order to create a summary that retains the most important points of the original document(s).

The task of replacing individual words of a text with words that are easier to understand, so that the text as a whole becomes easier to comprehend, e.g. by people with learning disabilities or by children who learn to read [from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-28601-8_36]

The task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause [from Wikipedia]

The task/process of converting speech into natural language text

The task/process of converting the contents of a digital document into speech in order to aid mainly individuals with visual impairments

The automated analysis of large volumes of content of any form or medium (e.g. text, images, videos, graphs, metadata etc.) that leads to the discovery of previously undiscovered information (e.g. identification of relationships between entities).

Any operation that intends to support the creation, curation or use of knowledge resource

The task/process of inducing word translations from monolingual or comparable corpora in two languages

The task/process of converting the format of a lexical/conceptual resource into another (e.g. from TSV to XML)

The task/process of viewing the contents of a lexicon as performed by human beings

The task/process of constructing lexical resources based on the restructuring of lexical information contained in lexica (e.g. by parsing definitions or using syntactic information attached to lemmas)

The task/process of constructing lexical resources (e.g. dictionaries, computational lexica, glossaries, etc.)

The task/process of accessing lexical/conceptual resources (either by humans or computer programs)

The task/process of visualizing information (e.g. using diagrams, 3-d images, word clouds etc.) contained in lexical/conceptual resources

The task/process of merging (combining together) information coming from various lexical/conceptual resources

The task/process of improving (e.g. increasing the size of entries, improving the information, adding new types of information, etc.) a lexicon

The task/process of constructing lexical resources from corpora

All activities related to the creation of conversational/dialogue systems (i.e. computer systems intended to converse with humans, through one or more communication modalities, such as text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures)

The task/process of recognizing that a person appears on a digital image or a video frame from a video source and possibly marking the contours around it

A multi-disciplinary research area focusing on the design and use of computer technology deployed in interfaces between humans and computers

The use of computer hardware and software-based techniques to identify and process human voice used tused to identify the words a person has spoken or to authenticate the identity of the person speaking into the system [adapted from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6044/automatic-speech-recognition-asr]

The improvement of speech intelligibility by removing background noise from the speech signal

The task/process of identifying/recognizing who the person speaking is

The visual representation of speech sounds (or phones)

The task/process of transcribing a source language word/phrase or an audio segment into the standard spelling system of a target language

The task/process of verifying that a certain person is speaking

The task/process of recognising the lip contour and tracking the movements of lips in lip reading

The task/process of converting speech into natural language text

The task/process of converting the contents of a digital document into speech in order to aid mainly individuals with visual impairments

A process that identifies an individual uniquely by using unique personal identification number (PIN) and/or biometrics like fingerprint, face recognition etc.

The study of how information from the different sensory modalities, such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion and taste, may be integrated by the nervous system. [from Wikipedia]

The task/process of validating a claimed identity based on the image of a face, and either accepting or rejecting the identity claim [adapted from http://www.idiap.ch/~marcel/labs/faceverif.php]

The task/process of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source [adapted from Wikipedia]

The task/process of generating videos in sign language

The task/process of recognizing from images and videos hand gestures performed in sign language